Commons 1422-1461

The tenth-century foundation of New Romney was a response to the silting up of the original port of Old Romney, two miles to the east. From at least the 1200s, however, the sea was in retreat from New Romney as well. A storm of 1287 flooded the town and port with mud and shingle and permanently diverted the course of the river Rother, rerouting it to meet the sea at Rye, and by Henry VI’s reign New Romney had lost much of its former economic significance. Romney also lacked a strategic role in the period under review.

Hythe was the smallest and poorest of the Kentish Cinque Ports and the last in rank of the original five Ports of the confederation. A borough appurtenant to the archbishop of Canterbury’s manor of Saltwood, it was a significant centre of coastal trade at the time of Domesday but the silting of its haven meant that it had fallen into economic decline by the early 1300s. Despite this decline, it maintained some sort of prosperity as a market town and fishing centre in the latter half of the fourteenth century.

The loss of local records means that it is difficult to chart events at Hastings and to assess the state of the town’s economy in this period. It may be confidently stated, however, that the town’s long-term decline had continued. Initially one of the foremost of the Cinque Ports, by the late fourteenth century Hastings was the furthest decayed of them, owing to the early silting-up of its harbour.

The ancient town of Dover was one of the five ‘head-ports’ of the confederation of Cinque Ports as well as the base and administrative centre of the warden of the Ports. As the site of an important royal castle and the gateway to Lancastrian France for most of Henry VI’s reign, it enjoyed an important strategic and symbolic position.

At the beginning of the fifteenth century York was the second city in the kingdom. For the fullest account of the history of York in the late Middle Ages: VCH Yorks. (City of York). It was a major administrative, ecclesiastical and economic centre, and in 1377 its tax-paying population of 7,248 was larger than that of any other city apart from London. It was well connected by both road and, more importantly, by river. The river Ouse emptied into the Humber at Ousefleet allowing direct access to the port of Kingston-upon-Hull.

The fourteenth century had been a troubled period in Scarborough’s history. The damaging effects of violent contention between the town’s dominant elite (the potentiores) and lesser townsmen were exacerbated by depopulation, economic recession, a serious raid by the French in 1378 and a heavy fine imposed on the town for its involvement in the Peasants’ Revolt. The Commons 1386-1421, i. 740. By contrast, the fifteenth century was a much less eventful period in the town’s history.

Kingston-upon-Hull was the second largest town north of the river Trent, with a population of some 2,300 in 1377, and remained an important centre for overseas trade and for the distribution of produce and goods throughout the fifteenth century. A town had existed on the site since the late twelfth century when it had been developed as a ‘new town’ by Meaux abbey for the growing local trade in wool, cloth and wine. Wyke-upon-Hull, as it was initially known, was so successful that it was acquired by Edward I in 1293 and later given the name of Kingston-upon-Hull.

At nearly 3, 900,000 acres, Yorkshire is very comfortably the largest of England’s ancient counties. It is twice the size of the next largest, Lincolnshire, and, as a more revealing measure of its massiveness, some four-fifths the size of Wales. Divided into three ridings, the largest of them, the West Riding, is itself larger than Lincolnshire, and the North Riding, if a county on its own, would be exceeded in size only by the rest of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Devon. B. Hobson, W. Riding Yorks. 3-4; W.J. Weston, N. Riding Yorks.

A cathedral city by the Severn, Worcester lay at a junction of several major roads, including those linking south-west England with the north and mid Wales with London. Thanks to this convergence of highways and its bridge across the river, the city was one of the most important distribution centres in the west Midlands.

Geographically a county of two regions, Worcestershire was predominantly forested and pastoral in its north and west and largely arable country in its south and east. Running through it was the river Severn, a major trading artery for the transport of goods between Bristol and the city of Worcester. Worcester, a minor inland port and a centre of exchange for agricultural produce, began in the fifteenth century to specialize in the manufacture of textiles, producing broadcloths of the highest quality which were sent to London for sale and export abroad.