Borough

The castle, town and borough of Caernarvon were founded by Edward I following the destruction of the residence there of the princes of Gwynedd at the conquest of Wales. The constable of the castle was ex officio mayor, and as constable from 1523 until his death in 1551 John Puleston more or less controlled the town. His successor John Harington II is not known to have visited Caernarvon and during his term of office the constableship was exercised by a local deputy, Robert Gruffydd.

Situated at the confluence of the rivers Honddu and Usk, Brecon was a prosperous market town with five craft guilds or companies, the administrative centre for the region and after the Union the county town of Breconshire. Although burgesses are mentioned in a deed of 1100, the first recorded charter dates from 1276. This was confirmed and modified throughout the middle ages and again in 1517 by the 3rd Duke of Buckingham as owner of the lordship. On Buckingham’s fall the borough and castle escheated with the lordship to the crown.

The castle, town and port of Beaumaris were founded after the suppression of a revolt in Anglesey in 1294. Edward I granted the borough a charter two years later and this was repeatedly confirmed and amplified throughout the middle ages and again in 1502, 1510 and 1547.

Following the establishment of Beaumaris the inhabitants of the nearby township of Llanfaes were resettled at the village of Rhosfair in the south of Anglesey, renamed Llanfaes Newborough or simply Newborough. The charter of 1303 was confirmed and amplified throughout the middle ages. By the 16th century the town was governed by a mayor assisted by two bailiffs. Situated more conveniently than Beaumaris for administrative purposes and within four miles of the centre of government for North Wales at Caernarvon, it was made the shire town by Henry VII.

By the 16th century Winchelsea was the least important of the Cinque Ports. Originally a member or ‘limb’ of Hastings, it had achieved, like Rye, the status of an ‘ancient town’ with the standing of a ‘head port’, but the silting up of its harbour had ruined its trade. Although an Act of 1549 for the towns of Rye and Winchelsea (2 and 3 Edw. VI, c.30) forbade the dumping of ballast in the Camber, only Rye profited even temporarily, since the creeks leading to Winchelsea were already almost blocked.K. M. E. Murray, Const. Hist. Cinque Ports, 1, 69, 209, 210; W. D.

Rye was one of the more prosperous of the Cinque Ports at this period, although its harbour was beginning to silt up. Since the end of the 14th century it had been free from its dependence on Hastings, and with its one ‘limb’, Tenterden, was by 1509 an integral part of the ports organization. The crown bailiff, who had earlier taken precedence of the mayor, had declined in importance and although, as in the case of John Shirley (whose appointment was confirmed in 1509), he might have been a household official, he was more likely to have been a prominent jurat of Rye or a local gentleman.

Sandwich was still a relatively prosperous port despite the decline in its Mediterranean trade and the growth of the sandbanks threatening its harbour. Following an inquiry of 1512 it was said that 500 or 600 boys might be ‘harboured’ and that a further 60 could ‘at every tide take in horses’, but an Act of 1515 (6 Hen. VIII, c.17) to deepen the Stour and neighbouring waterways for the benefit of Sandwich’s domestic trade was ineffective.

New Romney was the general meeting place for the Brotherhood of the Cinque Ports but had so far declined economically through the silting up of its harbour that it was less prosperous than its ‘limb’ Lydd. Old Romney and much of the new town formed part of the archbishop of Canterbury’s manor of Aldington, and the archbishop appointed the bailiff of Romney at least until the exchange of lands with the crown made by Cranmer in April 1540 by which property in both Romneys was surrendered.

Until its incorporation later in the 16th century as the mayor, jurats and community, Hastings was governed by a bailiff and 12 jurats chosen by him. As in other ports, the bailiff was the representative of the crown but only at Hastings was he also the elected head of the town government: in the 15th century the crown’s appointment of Thomas Stoughton was successfully challenged by the elected bailiff John Tamworth.

Hythe had a comparatively prosperous fishing industry and was still trying to keep its harbour free of shingle, but was none the less found by Leland to be greatly decayed. At the time of the Domesday survey it was a borough appurtenant to the archbishop of Canterbury’s manor of Saltwood and remained under archiepiscopal lordship until April 1540 when Archbishop Cranmer exchanged Salt-wood and the bailiwick of Hythe with the crown.